A US-born astronomer with a background in physics will take on the job of the federal government's chief scientist.
Professor Penny Sackett will take up the position from November, replacing the former Howard government-appointed scientist Dr Jim Peacock.
Prof Sackett began her career in the United States before moving to the Netherlands and Australia, where she has been based since 2002.
She said the biggest scientific challenges facing Australia were climate change, water and sustainable energy.
Prof Sackett dismissed concerns that economist Ross Garnaut was reporting on climate change for the federal government rather than a scientist.
"Climate change is clearly an issue that affects both the health and the wealth of the nation going forward. We have to call on all sectors of society for their advice."
Prof Sackett said she was determined to ensure that her role remained independent from government.
"It's absolutely clear that this role is an independent one and can only function best if it is independent."
Last year, Dr Peacock came under fire from environmental scientists after he backed the controversial proposed pulp mill in Tasmania.
